Antidiarrheal activity of aqueous ethanol extract of Cyperus esculentus tuber in albino rats

Cyperus esculentus is used in the treatment of diarrhea in traditional medicine. Antidiarrheal activity of aqueousethanol extract of C. esculentus tuber was investigated in albino rats with castor oil induced and charcoal mealassays. Acute toxicity and preliminary phytochemical constituents were determined. Fifty albino rats were dividedinto five groups of five animals each for each assay. The extract was administered at doses of 250, 500, and 1,000mg/kg, loperamide at 2 mg/kg, and atropine at 0.1 mg/kg (positive control groups), while 1% tracaganth mucilagewas given to negative control group. The LD50 was above 5,000 mg/kg. Phytochemical evaluation indicated thepresence of steroids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and saponins. A non-statistically significant (p > 0.05) decrease inmean weight of wet feces (1.71 ± 1.23 g, 1.75 ± 0.77 g) and mean frequency of watery defecation (1.6 ± 1.03,1.8 ± 0.97) at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg extract doses. Percentage inhibition of defecation was 46.7% and 40% at 500and 1,000 mg/kg doses of the extract, respectively, while that of loperamide was 46.7% relative to the negativecontrol in castor oil induced test. The findings have shown that the aqueous ethanol extract of C. esculentus tuberseems to possess anti-secretory effect but does not have anti-motility effect.

Safety study and compositional analysis of polyoxyethylene 35 castor oil by UPCC-Q-TOF-MS / 药学学报

A UPCC-Q-TOF-MS method was established to analyze the components of polyoxyethylene 35 castor oil. The separation was performed at 50 ℃ on a Waters Acquity UPCC system by an Torus Diol column (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) with gradient elution of CO2 and methanol - acetonitrile (50∶50); the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, the back pressure was 2 000 psi, and methanol containing 2.5 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate was used as ionization reagent, whose flow rate was 0.2 mL·min-1. Positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mode and MSE technology were used. The qualitative analyses were carried out by using precise mass information of the parent and product ions and a PCA model was established by UPCC-Q-TOF-MS. L-02 cells and RBL-2H3 cells were used to study the cytotoxicity and histamine release of CrEL samples in vitro. A total of 13 kinds of CrEL components were obtained and their structures were identified by UPCC-Q-TOF-MS, with 255 compounds in total. The percentage content of 13 types of components was calculated by the normalization method. The content of polyoxyethylene glycerol tri-ricinoleate (PGTri-ricinoleate) in all samples was 0.36% - 2.80% and the main components were polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycerol and polyoxyethylene glycerol mono-ricinoleate. All samples have different degrees of cytotoxicity and histamine release, which is negatively correlated with the content of PGTri-ricinoleate and positively correlated with the content of polyoxyethylene glycol fatty acid esters. The UPCC-Q-TOF-MS method is simple and rapid, has strong separation ability and high accuracy. It is suitable for the analysis of CrEL components. It is suggested that the fatty acid composition should be included in the monograph of CrEL for injection to increase the content of PGTri-ricinoleate and decrease the content of polyoxyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, so as to improve the product safety.

Antidiarrhoea Activities of Aqueous Extract of Myrianthus arboreus Leaves in Albino Rats

Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of 5 years. Due to this problem, the World Health Organization has encouraged studies that will bring about the desired treatment and prevention of diarrhoea. Myrianthus arboreus leaves (MA) is used in some tribes of Nigeria for food. In this study, the antidiarrhoea activities of the aqueous extract of Myrianthus arboreus leaveswere investigated with experimental animals via feacal count, measurement gastrointestinal charcoal meal distance and electrolyte composition. The extract (500, 1000 and 2000) mg/kg in comparison with loperamide hydrochloride, decreased the degree of gastrointestinal motility, production of diarrhoea stool, reduced the frequency of defecation and delayed the onset of diarrhoea in castor oil induced in albino rats. Also the extract inhibited the concentration of intestinal fluid electrolytes.

Antibacterial and antidiarrheal activity of Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark

The present study was conducted to determine the nutritional elements in Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark aqueousextract (SAAE) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and the in vitroantibacterial activity against pathogens enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcous aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory, and bactericidalconcentration. Then, antidiarrheal effect was studied on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice model. Recorded Mg > Fe> Cu > Zn elements in SAAE invariably found to be effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.Effective concentration of bark showed the zone of inhibition against enterotoxigenic E. coli (200 mg/ml), S. typhiand S. aureus (300 mg/ml), and P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia (100 mg/ml). The standard ratio between minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was meticulously recorded “one”against all pathogens, which confirms the bactericidal property. Results in mice model prominently showed that SAAEsignificantly (p < 0.05) reduced the frequency and number of diarrheal episodes, intestinal fluid accumulation, andintestinal transit time in dose-dependent manner. Inordinate delay in charcoal movement in the intestine positivelyconfirmed the antispasmodic effect by reducing propulsive movement. Confirmed findings in this study naturallysuggested that SAAE could be an effective antibacterial and antidiarrheal formulation.

Natural Alternative to D.P.X (Mounting Medium) - Comparison between Honey and Castor Oil

Introduction: To go organic is the theme of the present day.With added benefits of both honey and castor oil being ecofriendly, easily available, cost effective, nontoxic and noninflammable, they can also be used as an effective naturalalternative to synthetic mounting media as they have goodrefractive index. Study aimed to evaluate and compare theefficacy of honey and castor oil with D.P.X as a mountingmedium.Material and Methods: Six paraffin-embedded blocks with aconfirmed histopathological diagnosis of pyogenic granulomawere taken from the archives. Three sections were taken fromeach block and subjected to routine H & E staining procedures,and later they were mounted with three different mountingmedia and analyzed for different parameters.Result: The results were tabulated. Krushkal wallis test wasused for comparing the results. Statistically significant resultswere observed for different mounting media and castor oilshowed better details of cellular architecture than D.P.X andhoney.Conclusion: Both Castor oil and honey as a mounting mediashowed a superior quality over D.P.X due to their propertiesbut they do not adhere to the slide as well as cover slip withlack of adhesive agents. Both can be used as an alternative toD.P.X with the addition of some adhesive agents because theyare having a good refractive index.

Antidiarrheal Effect of Limonitum with Different Mineral Genesis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To investigate the antidiarrheal effect and the gastrointestinal motility of two kinds of Limonitum with different mineral genesis, so as to select the optimal mineral genesis, and provide a theoretical basis for clinical use. Method: The selected research samples were leaching type and sedimentary type Limonitum with different mineral genesis, including powder, water decoction and dregs. In the experiment, castor oil (0.2 mL/10 g) was used to induce diarrhea, loperamide (4 mg·kg-1) was used for positive control, and then the antidiarrheal activity and the gastrointestinal motility were observed. Result: In the castor oil-induced diarrhea experiment, the diarrhea index of the water decoction (2.5,5,10 g·kg-1) and the dregs (2.5 g·kg-1) of leaching type Limonitum significantly reduced (P-1) of leaching type limonitum and the dregs (2.5,5,10 g·kg-1) of the leaching type Limonitum were significant different at the first defecation (P-1) and the water decoction (2.5 g·kg-1) of leaching type Limonitum, and the total feces weight of the mice were significantly decreased (P-1), the dregs (2.5,5,10 g·kg-1) of the sedimentary, the powder (2.5,5 g·kg-1), the water decoction (2.5,5,10 g·kg-1) and the dregs (10 g·kg-1) of leaching type Limonitum were significantly lower than those of the model group on the intestinal motility, with charcoal as a marker (P-1) of leaching type Limonitum was significantly higher than that of the model group on the content of small intestine contents (P-1) of sedimentary type limonitum, and the water decoction (2.5,5 g·kg-1) of leaching type Limonitum were significantly lower than those of the model group on gastric residual rate (P-1), the dregs (5 g·kg-1) of sedimentary type Limonitum were significantly reduced on the water content of large intestine compared with the model group (P-1 of Limonitum can inhibit the contraction of isolated ileum induced by acetylcholine in rabbits except 0.003 3 g·mL-1 water decoction of leaching type. Conclusion: Mineral medicine Limonitum has a certain therapeutic effect in castor oil-induced diarrhea. Leaching type limonitum has the best antidiarrheal effect.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-diarrheal Activity of the Pulp and Seed Extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana in Rats

In the present study, attempt was made to evaluate the phytochemical composition and anti-diarrheal activity of the seed and pulp extract of Ziziphus mauritania. The anti-diarrheal activity of the crude seed and pulp were evaluated using castor oil induced diarrheal model, charcoal meal test and anti-fluid accumulation test in rats. The result of phytochemical test indicated that tannins, flavonoids, saponin, cyanogenic glycosides, and terpenoids were present in both seed and pulp. In the castor oil induced model both the seed and pulp extract significantly prolonged diarrheal onset was observed in treated rats compared to the negative control. Similarly, in the fluid accumulation test, the extract of the seed and pulp produced a significant decline in volume of intestinal contents. Results from the charcoal meal test revealed that all the extract produced a significant anti-motility effect. Based on the findings of this work, the pulp extract of this plant possess anti-diarrheal properties and validates its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhea

Functional oils affect blood and bacteriological parameters in sheep / Los aceites funcionales afectan parámetros sanguíneos y bacteriológicos en ovinos / Óleos funcionais afetam parâmetros sanguíneos e bacteriológicos em ovinos

Abstract Background: Feeding ionophores to sheep is intended for improving feed efficiency. Functional oils (FO) are an alternative to the use of ionophores. Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding FO to sheep on blood parameters and fecal bacteria. Methods: Five sheep were used in a Latin square design with five treatments: 190, 285, 380, 570, and 675 g/t FO in the diet. White cell count and levels of blood glucose, total protein, urea nitrogen, and fecal bacteria presence in feces were determined. Results: The FO levels did not affect serum parameters. Salmonella spp was found only in feces of sheep fed 190 mg/t FO. Conclusion: Functional oils can be added to sheep diets to reduce the presence of Salmonella spp in the feces.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los ionóforos se suministran a los ovinos para mejorar la eficiencia alimenticia. Una alternativa al uso de ionóforos son los aceites funcionales (FO). Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos del suministro de FO en el alimento sobre los parámetros sanguíneos y bacterias fecales de ovinos. Métodos: Cinco ovejos fueron usados en un diseño de cuadrado latino con cinco tratamientos: 190, 285, 380, 570 y 675 g/t FO en la dieta. Se realizó conteo de leucocitos y niveles de glucosa, proteína total y nitrógeno ureico, y se determinó la presencia de bacterias fecales. Resultados: La inclusión dietaria de FO no afectó los parametros séricos. Se encontró Salmonella spp únicamente en heces de los ovinos que habían consumido 190 mg/t FO. Conclusión: Se puede agregar FO a la dieta de ovinos para reducir la presencia de Salmonella spp en heces.

Resumo Antecedentes: Na produção animal, ionóforos são ingeridos por ovinos para melhorar a eficiência alimentar. Alternativa ao uso de ionóforos são os óleos funcionais (FO). Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos de FO em ovinos por meio da alimentação sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e bacteriológicos. Métodos: Cinco ovinos foram usados em Quadrado Latino com cinco tratamentos: 190, 285, 380, 570 e 675 g/t FO nas dietas. Contagem de leucócitos e níveis de glicose, proteína total, nitrogênio ureico e presença de bactérias nas fezes foram determinados. Resultados: Os níveis de FO não afetaram os níveis séricos dos fatores mencionados. Salmonella spp foi encontrada somente em fezes de ovinos que haviam ingerido dietas com 190 mg/t FO. Conclusão: Óleos funcionais podem ser adicionados em dietas para ovinos para reduzir a presença de Salmonella spp nas fezes.

The sustained release effect of ropivacaine loading poly (lactic acid co castor oil) microspheres for sciatic nerve block in mice / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the efficacy ofpoly (lactic acid co castor oil) microspheres containing ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block of mice.Methods A total of 150 Kunming male mice were randomly assigned into 3 groups,namely placebo microspheres (lactic acid co castor oil) group (group A,n=50),ropivacaine injection group (group B,n=50) and ropivacaine microspheres group (group C,n=50).After sevoflurane anesthesia,the mouse was fixed on the operating table and the bilateral sciatic nerve was exposed.The corresponding preparations were implanted or injected near the sciatic nerve.Five mice were randomly selected from each group for the next experiments.Paw withdrawal thermal latency,the ability to splay and flex of the hind paw and plasma ropivacaine concentration were measured 10min,30min,1h,3h,5h,7h,10h,15h,30h and 48h after drug administration.Results The anesthetic effect of group C began to work at 3h.Compared with group B,the duration of sciatic nerve sensory block of group C was significantly longer and the effect of motor block was weaker.No anesthetic effect was observed in group A.The sensory and motor block of group B reached the peak at 1h,and the pharmacodynamics subsided at 7h.Compared with group B,the concentration of ropivacaine in group C increased slowly,and the peak value at 10h after administration was gradually decreased.Conclusions Ropivacaine loading poly (lactic acid co castor oil) microspheres can significantly extend the effect of ropivacaine on sciatic nerve sensory block.Compared with ropivacaine injection,motor block effect of ropivacaine loading poly (lactic acid co castor oil) microspheres is reduced and its plasma ropivacaine concentration fluctuation range is small.

Aplicação de resina poliuretânica derivada do óleo de mamona em formas farmacêuticas gastrorretentivas de liberação controlada / Application of polyurethane resin from castor oil in controlled release gastroretentive dosage forms

Polímeros naturais têm sido amplamente utilizados como excipientes farmacêuticos, principalmente por serem biocompatíveis e renováveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a aplicação da resina poliuretânica derivada do óleo de mamona (RPDOM) em formas farmacêuticas gastrorretentivas de liberação controlada. O trabalho aqui apresentado está dividido em quatro capítulos. O capítulo 1 trata-se de uma visão geral sobre a aplicação dos poliuretanos como sistemas de liberação de fármacos, enfatizando os estudos contendo poliuretanos do óleo de mamona. O capítulo 2 trata-se de uma revisão sistemática sobre sistemas gastrorretentivos de liberação de fármacos. O capítulo 3 trata do desenvolvimento e da caracterização da RPDOM contendo fármaco na sua matriz. Domperidona e cloridrato de verapamil foram escolhidos como fármacos modelos devido ao potencial uso desses em formulações gastrorretentivas. Os estudos físico-químicos mostraram que parte da domperidona interagiu quimicamente com a RPDOM. Visto que não é possível a quebra dessa ligação química durante o estudo de dissolução, parte do fármaco ficou indisponível para liberação. Por outro lado, o verapamil foi incorporado com sucesso na RPDOM pelo método de evaporação do solvente. O verapamil interagiu através de forças intermoleculares com o polímero e esse sistema mostrou um promissor perfil de dissolução. O capítulo 4 trata do desenvolvimento de matrizes monolíticas flutuantes, contendo verapamil como fármaco modelo, espuma de polipropileno como excipiente de baixa densidade e um blend da RPDOM e da celulose microcristalina como sistema matricial. A capacidade de flutuação in vitro das matrizes e o controle da liberação do fármaco foram demonstrados. Por fim, a RPDOM mostrou-se um polímero promissor para o uso em sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos devido a sua hidrofobicidade e para o uso em sistemas gastrorretentivos flutuantes devido à sua baixa densidade

Natural polymers have been extensively used as pharmaceutical excipients mainly due to their biocompatibility and renewability. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of polyurethane resin from castor oil (PU) in controlled release gastroretentive dosage forms. The work presented herein is divided in four chapters. Chapter 1 is an overview of the application of polyurethanes as drug delivery systems, emphasizing studies containing castor oil-based polyurethanes. Chapter 2 is a systematic review of gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Chapter 3 is about the development and characterization of the PU containing drug in its matrix. Domperidone and verapamil hydrochloride were chosen as model drugs due to their potential use in gastroretentive formulations. Physicochemical studies showed that part of domperidone interacted chemically with PU. Since it is not possible a cleavage of the chemical bond between domperidone and the polyurethane during the dissolution study, part of the drug was not available for release. On the other hand, verapamil was successfully incorporated into PU by solvent evaporation method. Verapamil interacted by intermolecular forces with the polymer and this system showed a promising drug dissolution profile. Chapter 4 shows the development of floating monolithic matrices, containing verapamil as model drug, polypropylene foam as low-density excipient and a blend of PU and microcrystalline cellulose as matrix-forming polymers. The in vitro buoyancy capability of the matrices and the ability to control drug release were demonstrated. Finally, PU proved to be a potential polymer to be used in controlled drug delivery systems due to its hydrophobicity and in gastroretentive floating systems due to its low density

Antidiarrheal property of Napoleona imperialis may be due to Procyanidins and Ellagic acid derivatives.

Diarrhea is a global epidemic. Majority of the populace in developing Countries including Nigeria depend on Napoleona imperialis as a safer, more effective and affordable alternatives for treatment of diarrhea. This study evaluated the antidiarrheal potential of ethanol (leaf) extract and fractions of N. imperialis in Swiss albino mice. Acute toxicity test was performed to determine safe dose range before in vivo experiments. Castor-oil induced diarrhea and charcoal meal gastrointestinal motility test models were used. Antimicrobial activity on bacteria-implicated diarrhea, and HPLC analysis of the aqueous fraction (AF) were also evaluated. The result of the acute toxicity tests show that no death occurred at the test doses. Preliminary antimicrobial screening shows that the inhibitory zone diameter (IZD) of the extract has a weak antibacterial activity against sample organisms. The presence of procyanidin, 9-alpha-OH-pinoresinol, isoprunetin and ellagic acid derivatives in the aqueous fraction were highlighted by the HPLC analysis. The AF produced more significant (P<0.05) decrease in diarrhea than the other groups. This study shows that N. imperialis possesses antidiarrheal activity and hence justifies its folkloric use in the treatment of diarrhea.

Color stability and surface roughness of artificial teeth brushed with an experimental Ricinus communis toothpaste

To evaluate, in vitro, the effect of brushing with a Ricinus communis-based experimental toothpaste on color stability and surface roughness of artificial teeth. Methods: Ninety artificial teeth (maxillary central incisors) in different shades, light and dark (NatusDent Triple Pressing, Dentbras) were used. Initial color (Spectrophotometer Easyshade, VITA) and surface roughness (Rugosimeter Surfcorder SE 1700, Kosakalab) readouts were performed. After baseline measurements, samples were assigned to 10 groups (n=9) according to the artificial tooth shade and type of toothpaste used during the mechanical brushing test (Pepsodent, MAVTEC): Sorriso Dentes Brancos - SDB, Colgate Luminous White - CLW (Colgate-Palmolive), Close up White Now - CWN (Unilever), Trihydral - THL (Perland Pharmacos) and Ricinus communis - RCE (Experimental). After 29,200 cycles of brushing, corresponding to 2 years of brushing by a healthy individual, new color and roughness readouts of the specimens were performed. Data (before and after the tests) were statistically analyzed (2-way repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey, p<0.05). Results: RCE toothpaste produced the greatest color stability for dark tooth shade and the second best color stability for light tooth shade. For surface roughness alteration, there was no difference (p>0.05) for any tested toothpaste regardless of tooth shade. Conclusions: The experimental Ricinus communis toothpaste did not cause color and surface roughness alteration in the artificial teeth, and it may be considered a suitable option for denture cleaning...

Antimicrobial activity of complete denture cleanser solutions based on sodium hypochlorite and Ricinus communis: a randomized clinical study

ABSTRACT To preserve oral health and to maintain the prosthetic devices, it is important not only to improve the properties of commonly known hygiene products, but also to investigate new materials with antimicrobial action. Objectives This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite (0.25% and 0.50%) and 10% Ricinus communis’ solutions against specific microorganisms. Material and Methods Sixty four maxillary complete denture wearers were instructed to brush their dentures three times a day and to soak them (20 min/day) in the solutions: SH1: 0.25% sodium hypochlorite; SH2: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; RC: 10% R. communis oil; and C: 0.85% saline (control). The solutions were used for 7 days in a randomized sequence. Following each period of use, there was a 1-week washout period. Antimicrobial activity was determined by Colony Forming Units (CFU) counts of Streptococcus mutans, Candida spp., and gram-negative microorganisms. For collecting biofilm, the internal surface of maxillary dentures was brushed with saline solution, and biofilm suspension obtained. After dilutions (100 - 10-3), aliquots were seeded in Mitis salivarius, CHROMagar Candida®, and MacConkey agar for detecting S. mutans, Candida spp., or gram-negative microorganisms, respectively. After incubation, colonies were counted, and CFU/mL values were calculated. Then, transformation - log10 (CFU+1) - data were analyzed using the Friedman test (α=0.05). Results showed significant differences between the solutions (p<0.001). Results All three solutions showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. Against Candida spp., RC and SH1 solutions showed similar effect while SH2 showed superior activity. SH1 and SH2 solutions showed antimicrobial action against gram-negative microorganisms. The Candida species most frequently isolated was C. albicans, followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. Conclusions The 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective and might be used to control denture biofilm. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated Candida sp.

Biocompatibility and osteogenesis of the castor bean polymer doped with silica (SiO2) or barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles

PURPOSE: To evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenesis of castor oil polymer doped with SiO2 or BaTiO3 nanoparticles. METHODS: Twenty four male rats Wistar were submitted to bone defect filled with castor oil polymer. The animals were distributed in two experimental groups had been formed with 12 animals each: Group 1 - Castor oil polymer doped with 0.30 grams of SiO2 replacing 0.30 grams of CaCO3. Group 2 - Castor oil polymer doped with 0.30 grams of BaTiO3 replacing 0.30 grams of CaCO3. Euthanasia occurred 30 and 60 days after surgery and the femurs were sent to histological analysis and MEV. RESULTS: The implants were biocompatible and allowed for progressive osteogenesis through osteoconduction in both observation periods. There was significant bone neoformation at 30 and 60 days in both groups within the histomorphometric evaluation, but group 1's osteogenesis was lesser in the 30 and 60-day periods observed when compared to the animals of group 2. The MEV morphometric evaluation evidenced a lesser percentage of osseous tissue filling within the BaTiO2-doped polymer. CONCLUSION: The castor oil polymer doped with SiO2 or BaTiO3 remained biocompatible and allowed for progressive osteogenesis in both observation periods. .

Comparison of polyurethane with cyanoacrylate in hemostasis of vascular injury in guinea pigs / Comparação do poliuretano com cianoacrilato na hemostasia de injúria vascular em cobaias

Objective: To evaluate the behavior of castor oil-derived polyurethane as a hemostatic agent and tissue response after abdominal aortic injury and to compare it with 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate. Methods: Twenty-four Guinea Pigs were randomly divided into three groups of eight animals (I, II, and III). The infrarenal abdominal aorta was dissected, clamped proximally and distally to the vascular puncture site. In group I (control), hemostasis was achieved with digital pressure; in group II (polyurethane) castor oil-derived polyurethane was applied, and in group III (cyanoacrylate), 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate was used. Group II was subdivided into IIA and IIB according to the time of preparation of the hemostatic agent. Results: Mean blood loss in groups IIA, IIB and III was 0.002 grams (g), 0.008 g, and 0.170 g, with standard deviation of 0.005 g, 0.005 g, and 0.424 g, respectively (P=0.069). The drying time for cyanoacrylate averaged 81.5 seconds (s) (standard deviation: 51.5 seconds) and 126.1 s (standard deviation: 23.0 s) for polyurethane B (P=0.046). However, there was a trend (P=0.069) for cyanoacrylate to dry more slowly than polyurethane A (mean: 40.5 s; SD: 8.6 s). Furthermore, polyurethane A had a shorter drying time than polyurethane B (P=0.003), mean IIA of 40.5 s (standard deviation: 8.6 s). In group III, 100% of the animals had mild/severe fibrosis, while in group II only 12.5% showed this degree of fibrosis (P=0.001). Conclusion: Polyurethane derived from castor oil showed similar hemostatic behavior to octyl-2-cyanoacrylate. There was less perivascular tissue response with polyurethane when compared with cyanoacrylate. .

Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento hemostático e a reação tecidual do poliuretano, derivado da mamona, após injúria da aorta abdominal de cobaias e compará-lo com o 2-octil-cianoacrilato. Métodos: Vinte e quatro cobaias foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos de oito animais (I, II e III). A aorta abdominal infrarrenal foi dissecada, pinçada proximal e distalmente ao local que se procedeu à punção vascular. No grupo I (controle), a hemostasia foi feita com digitopressão; no grupo II (poliuretano), aplicou-se o selante vegetal e, no grupo III (cianoacrilato), aplicou-se o 2-octil-cianoacrilato. O grupo II foi subdividido em IIA e IIB, conforme o tempo de preparo do poliuretano. Resultados: A média de perda sanguínea nos grupos IIA, IIB e III foi 0,002 g, 0,008 g e 0,170 g, com desvios padrões de 0,005 g, 0,005 g e 0,424 g, respectivamente (P=0,069). O tempo de secagem do selante cianoacrilato foi em média 81,5 segundos (s) (desvio padrão: 51,5 s), enquanto o poliuretano B levou 126,1 segundos (desvio padrão: 23,0 s) (P=0,046). Entretanto, houve tendência (P=0,069) do cianoacrilato apresentar um tempo maior de secagem que o poliuretano A. Além disso, o poliuretano A teve um tempo de secagem menor que o poliuretano B (P=0,003), com média para o IIA de 40,5 segundos (desvio padrão: 8,6 s). No grupo III, 100% dos animais tiveram fibrose moderada/acentuada, enquanto no grupo II apenas 12,5% (P=0,001). Conclusão: O poliuretano derivado da mamona apresentou comportamento hemostático semelhante ao 2-octil-cianoacrilato. A cola vegetal demonstrou menor reação tecidual perivascular. .

Activity of Oxalis barrelieri aqueous extract on rat secretory diarrhea and intestine transit.

Oxalis barrelieri is used in the folk medicine for diarrhea treatment. The effects of the aqueous extract of Oxalis barrelieri on castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestine transit were investigated in rats. To induce the diarrhea and enteropooling, animals orally received castor oil (1 mL/100 g bw). Each rat received 30 minutes after, one of the single oral doses of O. barrelieri aqueous extract: 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 250 mg/kg bw or loperamide (5 mg/kg bw). The frequency and the total diarrheal weight for diarrhea and the intestine content for enteropooling were measured. To value the extract effect on intestine transit, normal rats received or not acetylcholine 0.1 mg/kg bw i.p. and then different dose of plant extract 50 and 100 mg/kg bw. The extract produced significant (p<0.01) decrease: respectively 95 %, 96.36 %, 99 % and 100 % in the severity of diarrhea. The 50 and 100 mg/kg bw extract produced remarkable (p<0.01) decrease in castor oil-induced enteropooling (59 % and 71.43%), intestine transit (42.12 % and 46.50 %), and reduced acetylcholine action (-65.90 % and -53.73 %) respectively. The results provide evidence that the aqueous extract of O. barrelieri could act on secretory diarrhea and intestinal motility, and thus could justify its traditional use.

Antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves in Wistar rats.

Background: Use of Manihot esculenta Crantz (MEC) plant has been mentioned in literature of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute and many others. It is also known commonly as tapioca, continues to be a crop of food security for the millions of people, especially in the developing countries of the globe including India. Medicinal uses of this plant including diarrhea have been mentioned in literature, but scientific evidence is lacking. Objective: The objective was to study antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic leaf extract of MEC in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of MEC leaves in the doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were used in Wistar rats of either sex. Experimental models used were castor oil‑induced intestinal fluid accumulation and charcoal passage test. Loperamide and atropine sulfate were the standard drugs used in these models respectively. Results: MEC extracts decreased intestinal fluid volume in dose dependent manner no extract group was comparable with standard drug loperamide (5 mg/ kg). MEC extracts also significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility in dose dependent manner. MEC (100 mg/kg) and MEC (200 mg/kg) were comparable with standard drug atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg) in this aspect. <0.05 were considered to be significant. Conclusions: Ethanolic extract of MEC leaves exhibited significant antidiarrheal activity by decreasing intestinal fluid accumulation and the gastrointestinal motility in Wistar rats.

Intravenous tacrolimus and cyclosporine induced anaphylaxis: what is next?

Tacrolimus and cyclosporine have been used in various formulations, but their hypersensitivity reactions are rare in practice. Castor oil derivatives are nonionic surfactants used in aqueous preparations of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients. Castor oil derivatives that can be used as additives to tacrolimus and cyclosporine may play a role in the development of hypersensitivity reactions, especially anaphylaxis. Various immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms have been implicated in hypersensitivity reactions induced by castor oil derivatives. Physicians should be aware that not only the drug itself, but also its additives or metabolites could induce hypersensitivity reactions. We report a case of anaphylaxis caused by vitamin K (phytonadine), serotonin antagonist (granisetron), intravenous tacrolimus, and cyclosporine. Interestingly, the patient tolerated oral cyclosporine, which did not contain Cremophor EL or polysorbate 80.

Effect of Chloroform-Ethanol Extracts of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Kernel on Electrolyte Imbalance in Castor Oil-induced Diarrhea Rats.

Diarrhea results from an imbalance between the absorptive and secretary mechanisms in the intestinal tract, accompanied by watery bowel movement resulting in excess fluid and electrolytes in faeces. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of chloroform-ethanol extracts of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) kernel at the dose of 21 mg/kg and 84 mg/kg body weight on electrolyte imbalance in castor oil induced diarrheal rats. Acute toxicity and lethality (LD50) and phytochemical constituents of the extracts where also evaluated. The results showed the extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced the concentration of sodium and potassium ion in the intestinal solution compared to the control animals induced with castor oil only. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that the chloroform-ethanol extract (ethanol, chloroform and middle layers) tested positively to flavonoids, alkaloids saponin, reducing sugars, glycosides and steroids while, chloroform layer and middle layer tested positive to fat and oil. Acute toxicity and lethality studies on chloroform-ethanol extracts revealed an oral LD50 equal to or more than 5000mg/kg body weight in mice. These results showed that kernels of A. occidentale possess anti-diarrheal properties through inhibition reduction of the intestinal electrolyte secretion which can substantiate its use in the treatment of diarrhea in traditional medicine.

Anti-Diarrhoea Property of Crude Aqueous Leave Extract of Red Apple Psidium guajava in Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhoea in Rats.

Objective: To investigate the anti-diarrhoea property of aqueous leaves extract of Psidium guajava (red apple guava leaves) in castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats. Methods: Five groups of five rats each orally received the following treatment; groups II, III & IV received 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively and group V received a standard drug for diarrhoea (Laperamide), while group 1 received 1ml of castor oil only without treatment. 1 ml of castor oil was given to rats in all groups, one hour after the treatment with extract and standard drug. The rats in each group were then placed singly in a cage with adsorbent paper on the floor of the cage. The diarrhoea episode was observed for 4 hours and the cumulative frequency of the wet and formed stools were noted at the end of the 4th hour. Percentage inhibition of diarrhoea was calculated using the mean stool frequency and the anti-diarrhoea activity determined in terms of percentage protection. Results: The extract reduced stooling in castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats in group IV which shows no significant difference with the group V treated with standard drug. The rats in group I showed the highest stooling episode which is significantly higher than all other groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that an aqueous extract of guava leaves may be used as an effective treatment for non specific diarrhoea in medicine. The anti-diarrhoea action may be linked to direct inhibitory effect of the extract on the propulsive movement of the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles. It equally shows that the treatment is dose dependent.